{"id":100,"date":"2026-09-15T05:01:08","date_gmt":"2026-09-15T05:01:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/redstonemanufacturing.com\/resources\/articles\/investment-casting-design-guidelines\/"},"modified":"2026-09-15T05:01:08","modified_gmt":"2026-09-15T05:01:08","slug":"investment-casting-design-guidelines","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/redstonemanufacturing.com\/resources\/articles\/investment-casting-design-guidelines\/","title":{"rendered":"Investment Casting Design And Process Guide"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 id=\"key-takeaways\">Key Takeaways<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Investment casting design rules set the limits for reliable parts, cost, and defect risk. They cover wall thickness, fillets, draft, holes, tolerances, and machining allowance.<\/li>\n<li>Every design choice decides which features you cast and which you machine. Cast complex internal passages and near-net shapes. Machine simple, tight-tolerance features.<\/li>\n<li>Core guidelines include uniform walls in the 2 to 6 mm range, smooth fillets and transitions, realistic hole depths, appropriate draft, and tight tolerances only where function demands them.<\/li>\n<li>Most defects such as porosity, hot tearing, cold shut, and shrinkage start with design choices around wall thickness, corners, gating access, and section balance. Early design for manufacturability (DFM) review prevents many of these issues.<\/li>\n<li>Redstone Manufacturing reviews drawings and 3D models through DFM before quoting and can machine finished castings at its 5-axis computer numerical control (CNC) facility in Seattle, providing single-company accountability from casting through final machining.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>1. Start With Section Thickness And Uniform Walls<\/h2>\n<p>Investment casting wall thickness usually falls between 2 and 6 mm for most structural parts. The minimum wall you can run depends on alloy and section length. Typical limits range from about 0.75 mm for cobalt-base alloys to about 1.8 mm for low-carbon steel, with around 1.5 mm common for high-carbon and low-alloy steels. These values reflect how molten metal fills the ceramic shell and how it freezes.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.aigrowthmarketer.co\/1787254147220-2c73ec1dadee.webp\" alt=\"Metal casting dies and valve-body castings in a foundry setting\" style=\"max-height: 500px\" loading=\"lazy\"><figcaption><em>Cast parts and tooling \u2014 the dies and patterns behind repeatable casting.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Heavy sections cool slower than thin ones. When a thick region sits inside thinner walls, that region freezes last. The contracting metal cannot draw feed metal, so it pulls a void. That void is <strong>shrinkage porosity<\/strong>. It stays hidden until you machine into it or pressure test the part. Abrupt jumps between thick and thin walls create hot spots at the junction and concentrate the same problem. A gradual transition with a length at least three times the change in wall thickness (L\/t \u2265 3) keeps solidification directional toward the feeders and cuts this risk.<\/p>\n<p>Extra thickness adds metal, weight, cycle time, and scrap. Excess wall thickness also creates hot spots that drive porosity. Core heavy sections where geometry allows. Taper walls where possible. Let the casting carry material only where the part needs strength or stiffness.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Corners, Fillets, And Gradual Section Transitions<\/h2>\n<p>For investment casting, set the minimum internal fillet radius to about 20% of the largest wall thickness, and never below 0.5 mm. A good rule is an inner radius at least equal to the thinnest wall. External corners should hold a minimum radius of about 0.125t or 0.3 to 1.0 mm, whichever is larger. Internal corners need larger fillets, often 0.25t to twice the external radius.<\/p>\n<p>Sharp internal corners create two problems. They concentrate stress in the solidifying metal and they form hot spots where walls meet, because the thermal mass at the junction is higher. Both conditions promote <strong>hot tearing<\/strong>, which is a crack that forms while the metal is semi-solid and weak. Foundries prevent hot tearing with generous fillets, and they check this during drawing review.<\/p>\n<p>A sharp internal corner that cracks in wax or shell becomes rework or a tooling change. Both outcomes add cost and delay. Gradual section transitions help for the same reason. An abrupt step is a thermal discontinuity, and defects tend to form at those discontinuities.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Holes, Cores, And Undercuts<\/h2>\n<p>For blind holes cast without preformed ceramic cores, practical depth is about one times the width for small holes and up to about two times the width for larger ones. Through holes from 0.091 to 0.200 inch (about 2.3 to 5.1 mm) can usually be cast to a depth of three times diameter without preformed cores. Holes below roughly 2 mm diameter are better drilled. Cast holes typically need at least 1.5 mm diameter for nonferrous alloys and about 2.2 mm for ferrous alloys.<\/p>\n<p>This choice is as much about economics as process limits. A hole that a CNC machine can drill in seconds may cost far more to form with a ceramic core. Cores must be injected, sintered, assembled into the wax die, and later chemically leached. Deep, narrow passages with length-to-diameter ratios above 8:1 often drop yield below 90%, compared with 97 to 99% for simpler shapes, because core breakage, incomplete shell fill, and incomplete leaching become common.<\/p>\n<p>The decision to cast or machine a feature comes down to reach, tolerance, and cost. Cast a feature when a cutting tool cannot reach it, when it forms part of a complex internal passage, or when casting it saves significant material. Machine a feature when the hole is small and straight, when the tolerance is tighter than the process can hold as-cast, or when the core cost exceeds machining cost at your volume. An unnecessary undercut increases tooling complexity and cost without adding function. Review every undercut against this test before you release the drawing.<\/p>\n<h2>4. Draft Angles<\/h2>\n<p>Investment casting usually needs a draft angle of 1 to 2 degrees on most surfaces. External surfaces can sometimes run at 0.5 degrees. Deep pockets, internal features, and steels may need 3 to 5 degrees or more. Many exterior surfaces can accept zero draft because wax patterns shrink slightly as they cool and release from the die.<\/p>\n<p>Investment casting needs less draft than sand casting. In sand casting, the rigid pattern must pull out of the sand mold, so every surface perpendicular to the pull direction needs draft or the pattern tears the mold. In investment casting, the wax pattern melts out of the ceramic shell. The shell then breaks away from the metal. This behavior allows near-zero draft on many features and supports undercuts and re-entrant geometry that sand casting cannot produce.<\/p>\n<p>ISO 8062-3:2023 Table 6 lists investment casting Grade A external draft values. For example, it specifies 0.8 degrees for feature heights over 16 to 25 mm, 0.5 degrees for over 25 to 63 mm, 0.3 degrees for over 63 to 100 mm, and 0.2 degrees for over 100 to 160 mm. A drawing that calls general ISO 8062-3 tolerances without stating \u201cno draft\u201d has allowed that taper on every feature. State your intent clearly.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Tolerances And Surface Finish<\/h2>\n<p>The industry standard linear tolerance for investment casting is \u00b10.005 inch per inch of length (\u00b10.127 mm per 25 mm). This value corresponds to about \u00b10.18 mm for dimensions up to 12.7 mm and increases with size. Precision tooling and post-machining can achieve tighter grades. As-cast surface finish of roughness average (Ra) 3.2 to 6.3 micrometers is typical for water glass shells with mullite or quartz face coats. Across shell systems, as-cast finish usually ranges from Ra 1.6 to 6.3 micrometers, where lower numbers mean smoother surfaces.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.aigrowthmarketer.co\/1787254105794-5abe8b51bbfd.webp\" alt=\"Hands using a caliper to measure a precision-machined metal component during inspection\" style=\"max-height: 500px\" loading=\"lazy\"><figcaption><em>Every part is measured and verified \u2014 tight-tolerance quality control on the shop floor.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Investment casting with precision tooling typically achieves ISO 8062 casting tolerance grades CT5 to CT6, which correspond to roughly \u00b10.13 to \u00b10.44 mm depending on part size. Tighter tolerances of about \u00b10.1 mm or better on critical dimensions come from secondary CNC machining, which can reach about \u00b10.01 to \u00b10.02 mm. ISO 8062-3:2023 defines dimensional casting tolerance grades (DCTG 1\u201315), geometrical casting tolerance grades (GCTG), and required machining allowance grades (RMAG) for cast metals and alloys.<\/p>\n<p>The practical question is which dimensions on your drawing truly need tight tolerance and which can float. A drawing with \u00b10.05 mm everywhere often gets quoted as a fully machined part or not quoted at all. Sealing faces, bearing bores, threaded holes, and assembly datums almost always need machining. General form, flow-path walls, structural bosses, and non-mating faces can often remain as-cast.<\/p>\n<p>Redstone reviews the drawing and flags features that are better machined. That discussion happens before any production quote, not after a bad batch arrives.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Gating, Feeding, And Machining Allowance<\/h2>\n<p>Gating and feeding often get overlooked before a drawing is released. The gating system is the network of channels that delivers molten metal to the cavity. The feeding system is the arrangement of risers and feeders that supply liquid metal to offset solidification shrinkage. Both systems must be considered in the part design before tooling, because they control where metal enters, how it flows, and where shrinkage voids might form.<\/p>\n<p>Machining allowance also needs to be designed in wherever you plan to machine. ISO 8062-3:2023 specifies required machining allowance (RMA) values that grow with casting size. These values are minimum stock. If the casting datum used for the first machining setup differs from the design datum, add about 0.3 to 0.5 mm to cover accumulated positioning error.<\/p>\n<p>These details are easy to miss on a drawing and expensive to fix after tooling is cut. Redstone\u2019s DFM review covers gating, feeding, and machining allowance before any production quote. DFM catches parts that will fail and parts that pay for performance nobody needs. Redstone proposes substitute materials and tolerance adjustments during DFM, always with customer approval.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Common Investment Casting Defects And How Design Causes Them<\/h2>\n<p>Most investment casting defects start with design choices. Knowing the mechanism points to the change you need.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Porosity<\/strong> is the most common defect. Gas porosity appears as round bubbles from dissolved gases, damp shell materials, or turbulent pouring that pulls air into the stream. Shrinkage porosity appears as irregular voids in the last regions to solidify. Stainless steels and nickel alloys shrink about 2 to 3% by volume during solidification. Carbon steels shrink about 3 to 4%. Without enough feed metal into the freezing zone, the casting develops internal shrinkage porosity. Heavy sections without clear feed paths or abrupt wall transitions that isolate hot spots are common design causes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hot tearing<\/strong> forms while the metal is semi-solid. The casting contracts, but the ceramic shell resists that movement. If the metal is too weak at that temperature, it tears. Sharp corners concentrate strain and often cause hot tearing. Generous fillets, as described in Section 2, reduce this risk.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cold shut<\/strong> occurs when two metal streams meet but do not fully fuse, leaving a weak seam. Undersized runners and ingates often cause slow filling and extra heat loss, which increase cold shut risk. Thin walls and long flow distances also raise the risk because the metal cools before the cavity fills.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Shrinkage<\/strong> as a dimensional defect comes from uneven contraction during cooling. Non-uniform wall thickness is the main design driver. Balanced walls contract predictably. A heavy boss next to a thin wall contracts at different rates and causes warping or dimensional drift.<\/p>\n<p>Quality fade, which is the gradual decline in quality over successive runs, is a major risk in unmonitored overseas work. A part that passes first article can drift if nobody tracks process parameters. Redstone staff inspect at origin before every shipment, with full-time engineers on the ground in China. No shipment leaves without that inspection.<\/p>\n<p>Understanding how design drives defects covers only part of the picture. You also need to know when investment casting itself is the right process and when another method fits better.<\/p>\n<h2>8. When Investment Casting Makes Sense, And When Another Process Wins<\/h2>\n<p>Investment casting carries real cost because of the shell-building sequence. Each part needs a wax pattern from a die, a ceramic shell built over 6 to 9 dip-and-stucco cycles with drying time, a dewax step, shell firing, pouring, breakout, and finishing. Shell building is labor-intensive. Cost per unit improves sharply from about 100 to 1,000 pieces. Wax tooling adds a one-time cost that spreads over volume.<\/p>\n<p>The process pays off on complexity and suitable volume. Simple flat brackets, blocks, or shapes that a mill can cut from bar in one setup rarely justify investment casting. Tooling cost does not amortize, and per-part cost struggles to beat machining at low volume.<\/p>\n<p>Investment casting fits when the part has complex internal passages, when it replaces a welded assembly, when the alloy is stainless steel, superalloy, or titanium, and when volume supports tooling. A common sweet spot is roughly 500 to 5,000 units per year. A broader viable range runs from about 100 to 10,000 units. Below 100 units, tooling dominates cost. For aluminum and zinc at higher volumes, die casting often delivers lower unit cost above roughly 5,000 to 10,000 units per year, depending on size, geometry, and alloy.<\/p>\n<p>Machine a feature when the tolerance is tighter than \u00b10.1 mm, when the surface is a seal face or bearing bore, when the hole is small and straight, or when the feature is a thread. Cast the geometry that surrounds those features. The casting brings the part near net shape. Machining brings critical features to final specification, and the drawing should show that split clearly.<\/p>\n<p>Other processes sometimes give better answers. Large, simple parts often favor sand casting. High-volume aluminum or zinc parts often favor die casting once tooling is paid off. One-off or prototype parts usually favor machining from billet. Investment casting earns its place when complexity, alloy, and volume align.<\/p>\n<h2>9. Investment Casting Design Checklist<\/h2>\n<p>The guidelines in this article only help when you apply them before you release the drawing. Use this checklist to confirm that you have covered every key design decision.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Wall Thickness:<\/strong> General walls in the 2 to 6 mm range. Minimum thickness depends on alloy and section length, roughly 0.75 to 1.8 mm. Avoid abrupt steps between thick and thin sections.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fillets:<\/strong> Internal radii at least about 20% of the largest wall thickness and not below 0.5 mm. External corner radii about 0.125t or 0.3 to 1.0 mm minimum. Avoid sharp internal corners.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Section Transitions:<\/strong> Use gradual transitions with a length at least three times the change in wall thickness. Avoid isolated heavy masses.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Draft Angles:<\/strong> Use 1 to 2 degrees on most surfaces. Zero draft is possible on many exterior surfaces. State your intent clearly on the drawing.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Holes:<\/strong> Keep blind holes to about 1.0 to 2.0 times width, depending on size. Limit through holes in the 0.091 to 0.200 inch range to about three times diameter. Drill holes under 2 mm diameter.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Undercuts:<\/strong> Review every undercut. Cast it only when a cutting tool cannot reach it. Otherwise, machine it.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tolerances:<\/strong> Apply tight tolerance only to features that affect fit, sealing, or motion. Let non-functional surfaces float at the general casting grade per ISO 8062.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Surface Finish:<\/strong> Expect as-cast Ra 1.6 to 6.3 micrometers across shell systems. Plan to machine sealing faces and bearing surfaces.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Machining Allowance:<\/strong> Add ISO 8062-3 RMA stock to every surface that will be machined. Add about 0.3 to 0.5 mm if casting and machining datums differ.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cast Versus Machine Call:<\/strong> Mark every feature on the drawing as cast or machined. Avoid ambiguity.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gating Access:<\/strong> Confirm with the foundry that gating can reach heavy sections and that geometry does not block feed paths.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>How To Tell If Your Part Needs 5-Axis Machining<\/h2>\n<p>Most people without machining experience cannot tell whether a part truly needs 5-axis machining. Five-axis machining means the cutting tool can reach the part from five directions in a single setup. That capability makes complex geometry possible without repeated unclamping and re-fixturing.<\/p>\n<p>Some parts that run on a 5-axis machine can also be made on a 3-axis or 4-axis machine, but cycle time and cost may increase. The part geometry decides which case applies, and that judgment requires a look at the actual model.<\/p>\n<p>The practical step is to send the drawing. Redstone reviews the part and explains whether 5-axis machining reduces cost. Where a casting needs finish machining, Redstone produces the raw form overseas and machines it at its 5-axis CNC facility in Seattle, with one company responsible for both casting and machining.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.aigrowthmarketer.co\/1787254086993-0a7949c65682.webp\" alt=\"Close-up of a metal part being turned on a CNC lathe with coolant, CNC machining\" style=\"max-height: 500px\" loading=\"lazy\"><figcaption><em>Precision CNC turning on a live lathe \u2014 one of Redstone&#8217;s core machining capabilities.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\n<h3>What Are The Standard Tolerances For Investment Castings?<\/h3>\n<p>Standard investment casting tolerances follow ISO 8062, which is the international standard for casting dimensional tolerances and machining allowances. Investment castings typically hold ISO 8062 tolerance grades CT4 to CT7, roughly \u00b10.1 to \u00b10.3 mm on a 25 mm feature. Silica sol shell systems usually achieve the tighter CT4 to CT6 range. Water glass systems often fall in the CT7 to CT8 range.<\/p>\n<p>Tighter grades such as CT4 to CT5 need precision tooling, controlled wax injection, and often CNC post-machining on critical features. General engineering investment castings often use CT7 to CT8, while aerospace and medical parts often require CT4 to CT6 with first-article inspection. The most useful step a buyer can take is to specify the required tolerance grade on the drawing instead of leaving the choice to the supplier.<\/p>\n<h3>What Are The Common Defects In Investment Casting?<\/h3>\n<p>The main defects are porosity, hot tearing, cold shut, and shrinkage. Porosity includes gas porosity from dissolved gases or turbulence and shrinkage porosity from poor feeding into heavy sections. Hot tearing is a crack that forms while the metal is semi-solid, often linked to sharp corners and rigid shells. Cold shut is a weak seam where metal streams met but did not fuse, often tied to slow fill or cold metal. Shrinkage as a dimensional defect comes from uneven contraction due to non-uniform wall thickness.<\/p>\n<p>All four defects connect back to design choices such as wall thickness, fillets, gating access, and section balance. A foundry that runs solidification simulation before tooling can predict likely defect locations and adjust design or gating before the first pour.<\/p>\n<h3>Why Is Investment Casting So Expensive?<\/h3>\n<p>The main cost drivers match those described in Section 8. Shell building is labor-intensive and follows a fixed sequence of wax injection, multiple shell dips, dewax, firing, pouring, breakout, and finishing. Wax tooling adds a one-time cost that spreads over volume, so per-part cost drops as volume grows.<\/p>\n<p>Investment casting tends to be expensive compared with sand casting at low volume and with die casting at high volume. It earns its cost when the part has complex geometry, a demanding alloy, or a surface finish requirement that other processes would need to machine in later. Simple, low-volume parts often favor machining from billet. High-volume aluminum or zinc parts often favor die casting once tooling is amortized.<\/p>\n<h3>What Should I Consider Before Designing A Casting?<\/h3>\n<p>Start with the process choice. Investment casting fits parts with complex internal passages, welded-assembly consolidation, stainless steel, superalloy, or titanium alloys, and volumes that support tooling. Once you confirm the process, work through wall thickness, fillets, draft, holes, tolerances, and machining allowance in that order.<\/p>\n<p>Decide which features will be cast and which will be machined before you release the drawing. Specify machining allowance on every machined surface. Apply tight tolerances only where function demands them. Review every undercut and deep hole against the cast-versus-machine decision. The largest cost savings in a casting program happen during design, before tooling or pouring.<\/p>\n<h3>When Should A Feature Be Machined Instead Of Cast?<\/h3>\n<p>Machine a feature when the tolerance is tighter than about \u00b10.1 mm, when the surface is a sealing face or bearing bore, when the hole is small and straight, or when the feature is threaded. Cast a feature when a cutting tool cannot reach it, when it forms part of a complex internal passage, or when casting it saves significant material compared with machining from solid.<\/p>\n<p>A practical rule is to cast the shape and machine the interfaces. The casting delivers near-net geometry. Machining brings critical features to final size. Mark each feature on the drawing as cast or machined so the foundry and machine shop follow the same plan.<\/p>\n<h3>How Does Wall Thickness Affect Porosity And Warping?<\/h3>\n<p>As covered in Section 1, heavy sections cool slower than thin ones and can pull voids when they lack a feed path. That behavior creates shrinkage porosity. Non-uniform wall thickness also drives non-uniform cooling and contraction, which leads to warping or dimensional drift.<\/p>\n<p>The fix is to balance wall thickness, use gradual transitions between thick and thin sections, and core out heavy regions where geometry allows.<\/p>\n<h3>How Much Draft Does Investment Casting Need Compared With Sand Casting?<\/h3>\n<p>Investment casting needs significantly less draft than sand casting. As explained in Section 4, the wax pattern melts out of the ceramic shell instead of pulling out of sand. Many exterior surfaces can run with zero draft because wax shrinks slightly and releases from the die.<\/p>\n<p>Deep internal pockets usually need about 0.5 to 1.0 degrees of draft to protect tool life and ease pattern extraction. ISO 8062-3:2023 defines default draft grades for investment castings, from about 0.8 degrees on short features to about 0.2 degrees on tall ones. State your draft intent on the drawing, because calling general ISO 8062-3 tolerances without a draft note effectively allows the standard taper on every feature.<\/p>\n<h3>How Do I Judge Whether A Supplier Can Hold The Design Over Successive Production Runs?<\/h3>\n<p>Ask five focused questions. First, which tolerance grade can the supplier reliably hold on your part size, backed by coordinate measuring machine (CMM) reports on similar parts. Second, how does the supplier build ceramic shells, on manual lines or automated lines, because manual work increases variation and often forces extra machining allowance. Third, what is the supplier\u2019s first-sample pass rate and how does it track first-article approvals over time. Fourth, does the supplier use casting simulation software to predict shrinkage and porosity before tooling. Fifth, how does the supplier verify machining allowance distribution on first articles.<\/p>\n<p>Quality fade over time is the main risk in unmonitored overseas work. Redstone staff inspect at origin before every shipment, with full-time engineers in China, to catch drift before it reaches your dock.<\/p>\n<h3>Does My Part Fit Investment Casting At All?<\/h3>\n<p>Investment casting fits parts with complex geometry, internal passages, thin walls, demanding alloys, or a need to replace welded assemblies. Very large parts, very simple parts where machining from bar is cheaper, or designs that are still changing often do not justify tooling cost.<\/p>\n<p>If the part is a flat bracket or simple block, machining usually makes more sense. If the part has undercuts, internal channels, or geometry that a cutting tool cannot reach, investment casting is worth a look. The fastest way to confirm fit is to send the drawing. Redstone reviews the part, identifies which features to cast and which to machine, and returns a landed price that covers casting, machining, inspection, customs, and freight.<\/p>\n<section data-read-next=\"true\">\n<h2>Read Next<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/redstonemanufacturing.com\/resources\/articles\/investment-casting-typical-tolerances\" target=\"_blank\">Investment Casting Typical Tolerances: A Decision Guide<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/redstonemanufacturing.com\/resources\/articles\/sand-casting-tooling-cost\" target=\"_blank\">Sand Casting Tooling Cost: A Complete Pricing Guide<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/redstonemanufacturing.com\/resources\/articles\/metal-injection-molding-vs-machining\" target=\"_blank\">Metal Injection Molding vs Machining: A Practical Guide<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/redstonemanufacturing.com\/resources\/articles\/best-die-casting-companies-mexico\" target=\"_blank\">Die Casting Companies in Mexico: A Buyer&#8217;s Guide for 2026<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/redstonemanufacturing.com\/resources\/articles\/high-volume-hardened-steel-molds\" target=\"_blank\">Hardened Steel Injection Molds: H13 vs S7 Explained<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Get your part right before requesting a quote. Redstone Manufacturing covers wall thickness, tolerances, defects, and when investment casting is best.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":118,"featured_media":99,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-100","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/redstonemanufacturing.com\/resources\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/100","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/redstonemanufacturing.com\/resources\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/redstonemanufacturing.com\/resources\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/redstonemanufacturing.com\/resources\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=100"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/redstonemanufacturing.com\/resources\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/100\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/redstonemanufacturing.com\/resources\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/99"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/redstonemanufacturing.com\/resources\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=100"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/redstonemanufacturing.com\/resources\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=100"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/redstonemanufacturing.com\/resources\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=100"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}